Layer-1

Understanding Avalanche’s P-, C-, and X-Chains and Independent L1s

• whackur
• Blockchain
• November 10, 2026

Avalanche is a blockchain platform connecting the public Primary Network with independently operated Avalanche L1s. Within the Primary Network, the C-Chain runs smart contracts, the P-Chain handles staking and validator registration, and the X-Chain issues and transfers native assets. A custom L1 uses its own validators and execution rules and is responsible for its own security. This distinction separates C-Chain DeFi from networks built for games or institutions. Primary Network, Avalanche L1s